Integrated Marketing Communications Plan Free Essays

Eminent Domain Essay Example for Free

Prominent Domain Essay The intensity of prominent space is concisely given under the U. S. Constitution, explicitly in the Fifth Amendment which to some degree gives, â€Å". . . nor will private property be taken for open use, without just compensation† (U. S. Constitution, Fifth Amendment). The intensity of famous area is one of the qualities of sway. This being the situation, it can at present be practiced even without a sacred arrangement with that impact [Boom Co. V. Patterson, 98 U. S. 403 (1878)]. Truly, the intensity of famous area has been utilized by the American settlements for open activities like streets and scaffolds (Oxford Companion, 2005). Initially, the force was viewed as pertinent just to the national government by temperance of the Fifth Amendment. â€Å"The intensity of prominent space of state governments was over the top by any bureaucratic authority† {Green v. Frazier, 253 U. S. 233 (1920)]. â€Å"The just pay arrangement of the Fifth Amendment didn't have any significant bearing to the States, and from the start the conflict that the fair treatment condition of the Fourteenth Amendment managed land owners indistinguishable proportion of insurance against the States from the Fifth Amendment did against the Federal Government was rejected† (Find Law site, n. . ). Be that as it may, with the incorporation of the Due Process condition or the Fourteenth Amendment, the force applied to the states to the extent that the fair pay prerequisite as a component of fair treatment as the Supreme Court controlled on account of Chicago, Burlington Quincy Railroad v. Chicago (1897) (Oxford Companion, 2005). Aside from North Carolina which practices the force by ideals of a legal power, the other state governments get theirs from their particular constitutions (West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). For the intensity of famous space to be legitimately worked out, the accompanying essentials or components must agree and be demonstrated, specifically, that the property being taken is private property; there must be ‘taking;’ the taking must be for open use; and, there must be simply pay (West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). The main component, private property alludes to â€Å"land just as apparatuses, leases, alternatives, stocks, and other items† (West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). Property rights, for example, water rights and right to sensible utilization of the space above one’s property may likewise fall inside the domain of private property (West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). The subsequent component, ‘taking’ implies â€Å"the taking of physical property, or a bit thereof, just as the taking of property by diminishing its value† (West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). There is remuneration when the property is taken or its utilization is broadly confined that it adds up to seizure. For example, a thruway was developed over the waterfront to inland property; the proprietor of that property must be paid thinking about that he lost his entitlement to utilize the waterfront (West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). Likewise when plane flights are sufficiently low to deny the proprietor of the private property beneath of his sensible utilization of the space over his property should likewise be remunerated as this add up to taking. The idea of ‘taking’ under the intensity of famous area ought not be mistaken for the administrative takings under the police intensity of the State. The intensity of famous space is likewise called the Takings statement. The thing that matters is that in the activity of the intensity of famous space, the ‘taking’ is for open use while then again, the ‘taking’ in the activity of police power is for reasons for directing that property as it is â€Å"detrimental to open interest† (U. S. Constitution Annotated, n. d. ). The ‘taking’ in the activity of police power is for the regular government assistance and is as a rule in the wellbeing and security guidelines (U. S. Constitution Annotated, n. d. ). The third component is ‘public use. It is necessitated that the property is taken for the utilization and advantage of the general population and not explicit people. The assurance of whether a particular use is open or not settles upon the courts and is viewed as an issue of truth. In any case, if there is a law which determines the open use for which it will be given, â€Å"courts will concede to authoritative intent† (West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). In the assurance of ‘public use’ the courts ask into the way that the property would be utilized by â€Å"broad section of the general public† (West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). During that time the Supreme Court in its legal professions, has extended the idea of open use as to incorporate â€Å"trade focuses, civil city communities, and air terminal expansions† (West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). In 1954, open utilize even enveloped beautification motivations behind the network. On account of Berman v. Parker, the Court proclaimed that the freeing from the ghettos is regarded as open use. The Court inspected the arrangement of District of Columbia to wreck properties which are incompletely cursed with the goal that a retail chain can be raised to be overseen by a private substance. The Supreme Court maintained the choice of District Columbia and decided that it is inside the privilege of the authoritative body to figure out which property can be liable to the ‘taking’ for tasteful contemplations (348 U. S. 26). â€Å"Subject to explicit sacred constraints, the lawmaking body, not the legal executive, is the primary watchman of the open should be served by social enactment ordered in the activity of the police force; and this guideline concedes to no exemption only in light of the fact that the intensity of prominent space is involved† [Berman v. Parker 348 U. S. 26 (1954)]. On the side of the administrative body, the Court additionally decided that it is inside the legislature’s capacity to address the issues of scourged regions of the network. â€Å"Redevelopment of a whole zone under a reasonable incorporated arrangement in order to incorporate new homes as well as schools, holy places, parks, avenues, and strip malls is evidently pertinent to the support of the ideal lodging gauges and subsequently inside congressional power† [Berman v. Parker 348 U. S. 26 (1954)]. Generally, the idea of open utilize was applied in cases which included providing of water, power, transportation, streets and spans and such however because of the development of its degree as the years progressed, an authoritative assurance of its extension is troublesome. Characterizing the degree is fundamentally one of administrative profession coordinated to the motivations behind government, unequipped for conceptual or authentic definition [Berman v. Parker 348 U. S. 26 (1954)]. In an ongoing instance of Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff (1984), at issue was the Land Reform Act of 1967 which accommodated â€Å"a land judgment scheme† in which title over the genuine property is passed from the proprietor lessor to the renters to re-appropriate land and â€Å"reduce grouping of land ownership† [Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff 467 U. S. 229 (1984)]. It permitted renters who dwell in tracts of land with in any event five sections of land of land zone to demand for judgment from the Hawaii Housing Authority. A meeting would be requested to decide whether the judgment is for open use [Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff 467 U. S. 229 (1984)]. The basis in the exchange of proprietorship is found in the protection of a free market. The suggestion continues from an acknowledgment that convergence of land in the hands of the couple of forestalled the â€Å"free advertise in genuine estate† and in this way its protection is regarded an open advantage [Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff 467 U. S. 229 (1984)]. The recompense of these takings for reconveyance of land is permitted even by the U. S. Preeminent Court dependent on the possibility that the new proprietors will prod progressively powerful uses to the land and consequently make more incomes as duties for the administration. The last component of the intensity of prominent area is simply pay. The proportion of just pay or the sum to be paid to the proprietor of the property censured or seized depends on the honest evaluation (West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). It is characterized as â€Å"the value that could have sensibly come about because of exchanges between a proprietor who was eager to sell and a buyer who wanted to purchase (West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). This worth is dictated by the utilizations to which the property can be given at the hour of the taking. Factors, for example, â€Å"history and general character of the zone and the flexibility of the land for future buildings† are additionally thought of (West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). The Court, on account of Monongahela Navigation Co. v. US, clarified that the estimation of just remuneration ought to be founded on the owner’s misfortune being set in the best money related situation as though the property had not been confiscated instead of the estimation of increase for the condemnor (Monongahela Navigation Co. v. US, 148 U. S. 312). The remuneration ought to be paid in real money, and the sum is resolved as of the date title vests in the condemnor. Intrigue is paid on the honor until the date of payment† (West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). The procedures for the most part fluctuate in the various states. Fundamentally, it includes two stages, I. e. judgment of the property and the assurance of just remuneration. During the pendency of the procedures, the proprietor of the censured property may proceed in utilizing his property gave that there is no considerable modification of the equivalent is made (West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998)

5 Tricks to Writing Resolutions You Can Really Keep

5 Tricks to Writing Resolutions You Can Really Keep (0) There is nothing like the start of a new year to give an extra boost to your personal goals, but so many resolutions fall to pieces just weeks or even days into the new year. Own your goals this year with these simple resolution writing tips. It’ll help you beat the odds and maximize all that new year potential. Write it down Mark Murphy wrote in Forbes Magazine, “people who vividly describe or picture their goals are anywhere from 1.2 to 1.4 times more likely to successfully accomplish their goals.” This is one of the simplest tricks of all, but so many skip it. Don’t miss out, grab a pen and paper, or your favorite digital device, and learn to write down your goals with our next steps. Writing a paper instead of goals? Take a look at the EasyBib grammar and plagiarism checker for help doing a final review of your paper. You can also read our grammar guides and learn about the basics of a verb, pronoun, noun, preposition, and other parts of speech. Be specific Write your goals in very specific terms. Instead of, “Get good grades,” specify when and how much you’d like to improve. There will be many hurdles and distractions on the way to your goal. When you make it specific, it is easier to stay on track. Example Goal: Increase my GPA by one point by next term. Create an action plan Successful people pursue single steps, not their lofty results. One way to stay focused on small steps is to create an action plan. To do this, ask yourself, “What are the small daily tasks I need to accomplish to achieve my final goal?” Example Action Plan for an Increased GPA: Calculate the minimum grade I need in each class to raise my GPA one point Speak to my teachers/instructors about my goal and why I want to achieve it Add three pieces of advice from my teachers to my action plan Read one article a week on studying until I find the best method for my mind Review my progress with my teachers ¼, ½, and ¾ through the semester Bonus Tip: If an action plan isn’t working, change it! Just be sure to write the new plan down too. Mantra A great tool to help you succeed is a mantra. A mantra is a short phrase that you can repeat to yourself in order to stay focused. Goal setters find them useful when inevitable negative or discouraging thoughts emerge. A mantra should be short, easy to remember and the words ought to be a powerful argument against negative thoughts. If you are having trouble writing one of your own, here are some easy universal mantras you can try: “A little is better than nothing.” “Small steps make big change.” “I am the best at this.” Rewards The last part of your resolution should be your reward. Many people find this confusing because they believe that success is a reward in itself, but this reward serves another purpose. This reward is for showing up every day and doing the work no matter the outcome. The best type of reward is tied to your goal. As an example, if we want a higher GPA a reward could be $50 toward an app or program that makes studying easier. Your final resolution should look something like this: Increase My GPA by One Point by Next Term Action Plan: Calculate the minimum grade I need in each class to raise my GPA one point Speak to my teachers/instructors about my goal and why I want to achieve it Add three pieces of advice from my teachers to my action plan Read one article a week on studying until I find the best method for my mind Review my progress with my teachers ¼, ½, and ¾ through the semester Mantra: “A little is better than nothing.” Reward: $50 toward an app or program that makes studying easier Bonus tip: forgive yourself You don’t need to be perfect every day to reach your goals. Many people fail because they make one mistake and end up scrapping it all. Even if you miss an entire week or even a month, true success is about finding the resolve to try again tomorrow and the day after that. Create a bibliography like the one below with . It doesn’t matter if it’s an MLA format citation or MLA in-text citation, APA citations, or even a Chicago citation, has the tools to help you cite in thousands of citation styles. Works Cited Murphy, Mark. “Neuroscience Explains Why You Need To Write Down Your Goals If You Actually Want To Achieve Them.” Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 15 Apr. 2018, www.forbes.com/sites/markmurphy/2018/04/15/neuroscience-explains-why-you-need-to-write-down-your-goals-if-you-actually-want-to-achieve-them/#37fe6aea7905.

How to Ask Questions in Italian

Who is Carlo? Where is the train station? What time is it? Why do Italians talk with their hands? How do you make gnocchi? These are all questions that you’ll likely need to ask when you are in Italy or speaking Italian, and so you’re going to need to understand the basics of how to ask questions. Here Are the Basics Chi? - Who? Whom?Che?/Cosa? - What?Quando? - When?Dove? - Where?Perchà ©? - Why?Come? - How?Qual/Quali? - Which?Quanto/a/i/e? - How much? TIP: In questions beginning with an interrogative word, the subject or the personal pronoun  is usually placed at the end of the sentence. Quando arriva Michele? When does Michael arrive? Let’s take a look at how these vocabulary words are used in real life conversation. Chi Prepositions such as a, di, con, and per always precede the interrogative word â€Å"chi.† In Italian, a question never ends with a preposition. Chi à ¨ lui? - Who is he?Chi parla? - Who is speaking? (on the phone)Chi sono? - Who are they?/Who am I?Con chi hai cenato ieri sera? - With whom did you have dinner last night? Che/Cosa â€Å"Che† and â€Å"cosa† are abbreviated forms of the phrase â€Å"che cosa†. The forms are interchangeable. A che ora? - At what time?Che lavoro fa? - What work do you do? (formal)Cosa ti piace di pià ¹ della cucina toscana? - What’s your favorite Tuscan dish?Cos’à ¨ questo? - What is this? As you can see with the last example, sometimes the conjugation of the verb â€Å"essere†, in this case â€Å"à ¨Ã¢â‚¬ , can combine with the question word â€Å"cosa†. Quando Quando parti per l’Italia? - When do you leave for Italy? (informal)Quand’à ¨ il tuo compleanno? - When is your birthday? (informal)Quando à ¨ arrivata lei?/Lei quando à ¨ arrivata? - When did she arrive? Dove Di dove sei? - Where are you from? (informal)Dove hai lasciato gli occhiali?  - Where did you leave your glasses?Dove si trova una gelateria? - Where does one find an ice cream shop?Dov’à ¨ la stazione dei treni? - Where is the train station? As you can see with the last example, sometimes the conjugation of the verb â€Å"essere†, in this case â€Å"à ¨Ã¢â‚¬ , can combine with the question word â€Å"dove†. Perchà © Perchà © sei in Italia? - Why are you in Italy? (informal)Perchà © studia l’Italiano? - Why are you studying Italian? (formal) Come Come sta? - How are you? (formal)Come si chiama? - What is your name? (formal)Com’à ¨ un giorno perfetto, secondo te? - What is a perfect day according to you? (informal) Qual/Quali As with all adjectives, agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify, except for â€Å"che†, which doesn’t change. Qual à ¨ il suo segno zodiacale? - What is your zodiac sign? (formal)Quali sono i tuoi interessi? - What are your interests? (informal) Quanto/a/i/e As with all adjectives, agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify, except for â€Å"che†, which doesn’t change. Quant’à ¨? - How much is it?Quanto tempo ci vuole per arrivare a Firenze? - How long does it take to arrive in Florence?Da quanto tempo studia l’italiano? - How long have you been studying Italian? (formal)Quante persone vivono a Roma? - How many people live in Rome?Quanti anni hai? - How old are you? (informal)

I Have A Dream By Martin Luther King Jr. - 909 Words

When I think about what one person can do in the times of the Civil Rights Movement, I think of Martin Luther King Jr. because he was such a big icon back then. Martin Luther King Jr. was a Baptist minister and social activist. He led the Civil Rights Movement in the United States from the mid-1950s, until he was assassinated in 1968 and will always be remembered by his famous speech, â€Å"I Have a Dream†. To me, he has reminded me of other people I’ve watched through movie films, and in a story I’ve read. When I think about what one person can do to step up and fight for their beliefs and for Civil Rights, I can relate that to the movies, A Raisin in the Sun, and To Kill a Mockingbird, but also the first chapter of Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison because of how those characters stand up in their own way to express their belief in what is right, and how we can all be equal. What stood out to me in the movie, A Raisin in the Sun, was how the father in the movie st ands up for his family in their time of need because it proves what one person can do. His family was poor, living in a small apartment and in the end, stands up to the Clybourne Park Improvement Association representative saying that his family will move into the white neighborhood despite all the racial hatred. The father, Walter, had big dreams. He wanted to open up his own liquor store and hope to make more money to support his family. He planned to start up his store with his father’s insurance money that wasShow MoreRelatedI Have A Dream By Martin Luther King Jr.983 Words   |  4 PagesPromised On August 28, 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. delivered a speech of the millennia which was considered a radical revolution towards freedom. Martin Luther King Jr, also referred to as King Jr., was a Baptist minister and activist who fought for the rights of African-American. During the late 1950s and early 1960s, America was on the brinks of collapsing towards a civil right war. Leaders were across the United States creating factions of people. However, King Jr. was not an ordinary leader.Read MoreI Have A Dream By Martin Luther King Jr.915 Words   |  4 Pagescounterparts. Martin Luther King Jr. represents himself, his family, and an enormous body of minorities in America as he prepares to address the country in regards to equality and respect for all. Coming from a time where only years prior black and brown people were owned as property and often regarded as animals, King changed race relations in America by standing as a liaison between his community of colored individuals and a governing body of mostly Caucasian individuals. I Have a Dream is an openRead MoreI Have A Dream By Martin Luther King Jr.945 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"I Have A Dream† Martin Luther King Jr. is one of the most famous civil rights activists in the history of the United States. He gave several important speeches and promoted non-violent protests. His most famous speech was â€Å"I Have A Dream†, around a quarter of a million patrons, black and white, attended this empowering speech at the March on Washington on August 28, 1963. The reason his speech was vastly successful in the movement against segregation and injustice was because of its repetitivenessRead More`` I Have A Dream `` By Martin Luther King Jr.1378 Words   |  6 Pagesreasoning are known as cognitive biases and they allow us to unknowiThirty years after the events of To Kill a Mockingbird, Martin Luther King Jr said in his defining â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech, â€Å"I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.† Maycomb would have benefitted from this message as repeatedly characters are reduced to their skin color, logic falling to the wayside as thoughtlessnessRead MoreI Have A Dream By Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.1102 Words   |  5 PagesAmericans we have been unable to embrace this concept without severe punishment. From being sprayed with high powered water hoses to being brutally beaten by those that are supposed to protect and serve. In the speech, I Have A Dream by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., he elaborates on the fight African Americans have endured and sets the path for freedom and equality while We Shall Overcome by L.B Johnson speaks on providing equality for all Americans. According to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. speech, â€Å"I HaveRead MoreI Have A Dream Speech By Martin Luther King Jr. Essay1115 Words   |  5 PagesActivist and leader in the Africa American Civil Rights Movement, Martin Luther King Jr, speaks at the Lincoln Memorial to more than 200,000 people where he gives his famous â€Å"I have a Dream† speech, where he calls for the need of equal rights between blacks and whites. King’s purpose is to convince the American people that segregation is wrong and should be changed for future generations, encourage all African Americans into fighting until the end, and that segregation is wrong. He effectivelyRead More`` I Have A Dream Speech `` By Martin Luther King Jr.2027 Words   |  9 Pagescitizens to have equality. In 1863, the United States of America joined other nations by emancipating those in bondage. Slavery had begun it’s way out in the modern world. However, due to years of indoctrination and social appropriation, there was a discord between those who were white and those who were colored. One hundred years after the emancipation proclamation was given, there was still social and systemic oppression and discrimination against colored people in American Society. Martin Luther KingRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr s I Have A Dream872 Words   |  4 PagesI have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.(Martin Luther King Jr, 1963). This statement came from Martin Luther King Jr’s famous speech ‘I have a dream’. As one of the most powerful weapons contributing to the civil rights movement led by King, it motivated more people to fight hard for human rights. However, what is the human right? Not everyone can give an explicit definitionRead MoreI Have a Dream: Martin Luther King Jr. Essay989 Words   |  4 PagesCan you imagine a world where you were judged based on the color of your skin? In the 1950’s one man was tired of this and dedicated his life to changing it. Martin Luther King Jr. made an enormous impact in the world that we live in today. He wanted freedom for all and fought an endless battle to get us to where we are. Martin was an American pastor, activist, humanitarian, and leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. By using, speeches, marches and his actions he accomplished his goalRead MoreI Have a Dream: Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Essay1290 Words   |  6 P agesWhen informing Americans across the nation of his dream, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. proposed an unforgettable speech that would one day change The United States of America forever. In analyzing â€Å"I Have a Dream†, there are a few rhetorical purposes that are reflected throughout. These purposes are repeatedly focusing in on a particular audience in which King speaks to. Using different types of appeals and literary elements, his speech produced a meaningful purpose that the audience could relate

Teaching To Be A Successful Teacher Education Essay Free Essays

Pattern of learning and larning are altering from twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours with alteration in pupils behaviour. In olden yearss, teacher is one who inculcates the cognition in scholar through instructing, but as the coevalss changed, learning profession has besides seen batch of alterations ; it has become one of the most of import professions that have batch of impact on society. Teaching has become more of sharing than merely teaching. We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching To Be A Successful Teacher Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a hereafter instructor, I should be able to get by up with this altering scholar ‘s behavior and should learn them in the manner they understand better and demo maximal end product. In the words of former Indian president, Scientist and now functioning as professor at one of the top universities in India, Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam â€Å" Educationists should construct the capacities of the spirit of enquiry, creativeness, entrepreneurial and moral leading among pupils and go their function theoretical account † . These were the chief motivational factors that created the passion of learning in me. I believe that I can construct assurance in pupils to come frontward to show themselves, promote them in stand outing in surveies and their field of involvement. From my experience as a pupil, I learnt that non all the pupils will be take parting in the same manner in the category and it is hard for teachers/ professors, to concentrate on peculiar pupils ‘ advancement. He nce, I believe that, I as a instructor should be capable of managing these type of jobs sanely and do certain that all the pupils improve their accomplishments and take part actively in schoolroom. Personal Biography As a pupil and good perceiver, I have been detecting different techniques and methods used by instructors to affect pupils in the category. As an MBA pupil in international concern school, I got the rare chance of larning different learning accomplishments of professors from different states round the universe. The manner they teach, their interaction with pupils, their handling of different cultural issues ( as pupils are from different parts of universe ) , their handling of capable and helping pupils in using the theory to show concern universe made me more passionate towards taking this learning class. Their presence in the category would do pupils delighted and more interested towards topics. Ideas, beliefs and values Teaching has changed from merely accretion of facts through teaching process to developing scholars ‘ ability by helping them to believe critically and experiment. I still retrieve the college yearss, where my instructor Mrs. Fareed used to take particular attention of every pupil personally. She is one of the most powerful instructors I have of all time met. She has all the qualities that a instructor has to hold. She merely does n’t used to learn us, she used to demo a practical concrete image in forepart of our eyes and therefore doing it easier and interesting. It ‘s been long clip, I departed from her, but her influence is still on me. . This form of learning through imaginativeness is a proved success factor. Whitebread ( 1929 ) , a celebrated philosopher from Harvard University, in his work â€Å" The purpose of instruction † stated â€Å" Imagination can non be measured or weighted and so supplied to pupil. It is an art that should be possessed by i nstructor and communicated to scholars in an orderly manner † . Whitebread ( 1929 ) work on instruction system is still taken as standard by many writers and philosophers. I would be uniting my experience as a pupil with the acquisition from these class and model myself into good instructor. I will seek to make an environment where pupils can interact with me ( teacher ) , and other pupils sing topic and better their ability in the countries that they are excited about. Because I believe that the acquisition would be successful, merely when it is meaningful. Here, I would wish to advert about my HRM professor Mrs Marian Sullivan ( guest module ) from Coventry, who has 25 old ages of industry and academic experience is so down to earth, that she is ever ready to welcome new thoughts from pupils and even larn new things from them. These characteristic in her, taught me that the ability of learning prevarications in the ability of larning. I will seek to larn new thoughts from pupils and would promote their engagement in category to convey out their creativeness. While reading through one of the articles by philosopher Mitchalak ( 1986 ) , I noticed him indicating out this art of doing pupils take part in categories is most important for being a successful instructor. He qu oted â€Å" Students should be motivated to go active scholars in category, or else, they will neither develop thought accomplishments nor engage in the category † . I will help in constructing assurance in the pupils and do schoolroom activities more interested by accommodating the instruction form, in which pupils are interested in. I besides strongly back up parents / defenders engagement in pupil acquisition accomplishments. I do n’t waver to be in regular contact with parents about pupils ‘ advancement and their engagement in community activities. Learners get inspired by parent ‘s activities, functions and milieus ( neighbours, and friends ) . Harmonizing to me, parents are the first instructors in one ‘s life. Hence, I encourage parent ‘s engagement in pupils larning life. This is non merely my thought towards instruction, but it ‘s a proved fact. In one of the research conducted by William and Chavkin, they found the fact that â€Å" The more parents take part in schooling, in a sustained manner, at every degree, the better for pupil accomplishment † . Before fall ining the class, I had the basic thoughts of learning from my instructors and professors. These thoughts lighted the fire of passion for learning in me. After fall ining the class, I realised that it â €˜s non merely about learning, but about sharing cognition, larning new things every twenty-four hours, altering with twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours and actuating myself and many people around me. Harmonizing to me, scholars are influenced by many factors around them. Few of them include societal safety, schoolroom environment, their personal demands and most significantly societal life. I have besides learnt that my thoughts towards learning are non merely plenty to be a good instructor and these thoughts demands to be changed harmonizing to today ‘s and in fact mundane altering single behaviour. Teachers play a important function in every 1 ‘s life. Students and society expression at instructors for alterations in present coevals. They would be the first individual to be pointed out at, when scholars does n’t execute good in community. While reading through different articles on instruction and todays educational alterations, I have come across my doctrine of instruction is merely what is followed by most of the instructors around the universe. The doctrine â€Å" The art of learning prevarications behind the art of acquisition † is implemented by many instructors around the universe. Brookfield ( 1990 ) , in his work â€Å" the adept instructor † , explained this doctrine as one of the best doctrines possessed by instructors in present coevals. He mentioned that â€Å" the successful instructor is one who is able to larn from pupil and do pupil take part in category activities successfully † . Teacher, who has excellent learning accomplishments wo n’t acquire success until pupil participates in schoolroom activities. By the terminal of this class, I would turn out myself to be successful instructor and scholar and get down my new calling by helping scholars to accomplish their ends. In today ‘s universe, where engineering is playing cardinal function and instructors have to accommodate with these turning engineering to make pupils good. At higher secondary schools, about all pupils, might lose giving a reading to their notes, but non lose their inbox in mail. Teachers in US and UK are following up with this tendency. Some instructors are utilizing chirrup to remind pupils of their prep and some instructors are utilizing Facebook to reach pupils, clear up uncertainties and mentor them. Governments are besides taking enterprises by carry oning extended researches on instruction system. They are in uninterrupted dialogues with instruction suppliers ( schools, colleges, universities ) to do certain that instruction is up to criterions. Encouraging pupil creativeness is besides of import for today ‘s changing universe. Students should be given opportunity to experiment theories. They should be allowed to portion their thoughts with everyone. This environment encourages advanced thoughts in scholars, which helps development of state. In words of A.P.J Abdul Kalam, â€Å" Teachers play important function in developing state with beautiful heads † . By the completion of this class, with the accomplishments gained I can travel against any challenge in Mauritanian instruction system and impart scholars with assurance and accomplishments. There have been many arguments against the instruction system in schools. Students are afraid of doing wrongs or giving incorrect replies, which finally is doing them to lose their assurance. Sir Ken Robinson, in his talk show on TED, blamed schools and instruction system, for killing creativeness in pupils by non promoting them. He farther added â€Å" you will ne’er come up with something advanced and utile, unless you are non prepared to be incorrect † . Students should be encouraged to talk out in the category, from these small beautiful heads, originative thoughts develop in hereafter. Here, I would wish to remind the words of Linda Lumsden ( 1994 ) , who has done a batch of research on pupil motive towards acquisition. Harmonizing to her â€Å" Motivation is successfully gained by general experience, but largely, it is straight related defining and communicating of outlooks, and direct direction or socialization through others ( chiefly, parents and Teachers ) † As I stated earlier, to accomplish good consequences, instructor and scholar should work together. As a instructor, I will ever maintain in head that both learning and larning are straight related to each other and when tied together decently and planned good, they can take to first-class result. How to cite Teaching To Be A Successful Teacher Education Essay, Essay examples

The Legality and Morality of Prostitution free essay sample

Within a society every man lives under a rule of law. Without laws injustice can occur, therefore, the purpose of a rule of law is to influence what we do through the use of authoritative fgures such as police or the government. Rules of law are made to protect the rights of every individual while aiming to maintain public order and control (Hart 263). If a law is violated the authorities see that it is punishable by law. Morality is an ethical issue that is structured to enhance survivability among society, and is subjective, never absolute. According to Immanuel Kant, morality deals with what we ought to do; something is good if it attains positive value to help us survive having moral instrumental value (Kant 112). Kant further states that a rule for actions to be morally acceptable is for it to treat humanity as an end in itself, and never as a mere means (102). We will write a custom essay sample on The Legality and Morality of Prostitution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If an action (such as prostitution) satisfies all the conditions described above, the said action has proven to be both moral and capable of being a law, therefore, legal. Prostitution the business of engaging in sexual relations in exchange for payment in money or other things of value (Merriam Webster). Prostitution is currently unregulated and according to Cecilia Hoffman that violates the right to physical and moral integrity and violates the prohibition of torture and cruel degrading treatment (Hoffman 97). Prostitution is currently one of the leading vectors for AIDS infection and prostitutes tend to increase risk exposure to HIV due to their many partners. It is impossible to talk about prostitution as a whole because every situation varies but, Just in America 80,000 citizens are arrested yearly for soliciting sex. Prostitution is currently legal and regulated within 22 countries, but, once egalized has lead to the expansion of the prostitution market; increasing human trafficking (Neuymayer 61). Human trafficking is the biggest issue faced with the legalization of prostitution and also a reason as to why certain states have held back on adding prostitution to their legislative agenda. Although the human trafficking issue is an important factor to take into account, it should not be an issue in deciding the concerning matter that is; the legality and morality of the act of prostitution. A law, as previously stated serves to protect the rights of individuals and to aintain public order and control. If said law is violated it can be punishable to various degrees as seen fit to each case. Prostitution then, can be proven to fall into the capacity of being a law therefore, legal. The men and women that solicit this activity tend to more than often have their rights violated the most among any other individual. Currently the murder rate for an American prostitute is 204 for every 100k making prostitution, the oldest profession in America, as well as the most dangerous job in America. To prevent the danger that comes along with this activity and to rotect prostitutes human rights, a rule of law seems necessary to ensure that order and control is maintained throughout this business. Along with regulation and control through the rule ot law would come protection trom abuse tor these individuals. Authorities would aid in the regulation and see to punish those who violate the rights and dehumanize prostitution workers. On the issue of morality; morality is a code that is used to guide what we ought to do. For an action to be moral one must ask themselves what they ought to do. If the morality of an action is being questioned, the answer to what is acceptable to do can e answered through testing the action to see if it satisfies 2 conditions. If said action has an end result that attains positive value as well as ensuring the treatment of others as an end and not mere means, the action is then said to be morally correct. For several people morality is a code used to guide what is acceptable or not, as well as a factor that helps influence or dictate what should be legalized. Prostitution when examined falls under the morality code and can be argued to be morally acceptable. Most prostitutes that partake or solicit this activity do so for monetary payment. A payment earned then used for survival in the world or to help maintain a standard of living for themselves and/or loved ones. The act of prostitution then attains a positive value because it is an action that helps a group of people survive and reduces suffering. If one were to simply use the prostitute for their lust or need without pay which occurs often (abuse) it can be said that the person has treated the prostitute as a means and not as an actual person violating a condition for morality. Monetary payment is viewed as a form of gratitude or gift to the prostitute treating the rostitute as an end in itself, satisfying the 2 conditions to make prositution morally correct in this case. Prostitution then, has satisfied the conditions for it to be morally and legally acceptable because it protects and allows the prostitutes actions to be considered morally correct. The objection that it is wrong to pay someone for sexual activity because it treats them as an object or means rather than an end to serve our needs is invalid. If this were true then there would be several other transactions that could be considered immoral such as paying others to cook, or clean for us. No one eems to find anything immoral or disturbing about these services so why is sex forbidden to sell or considered immoral?

Miguel de Cervantes, Influential Spanish Novelist

Miguel de Cervantes, Influential Spanish Novelist No name is more associated with Spanish literature- and perhaps with classic literature in general- than that of Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra. He was the author of El ingenioso hidalgo don Quijote de la Mancha, which is sometimes referred to as the first European novel and which has been translated into nearly every major language, making it one of the most widely distributed books after the Bible. Cervantes Contribution to Literature Although few people in the English-speaking world have read Don Quijote in its original Spanish, it nevertheless has had its influence on the English language, giving us expressions such as the pot calling the kettle black, tilting at windmills, a wild-goose chase and the skys the limit. Also, our word quixotic originated from the name of the title character. (Quijote is often spelled as Quixote.) Despite his immense contributions to world literature, Cervantes never became wealthy as a result of his work, and not much is known about the early parts of his life. He was born in 1547 as the son of surgeon Rodrigo de Cervantes in Alcal de Henares, a small town near Madrid; it is believed that his mother, Leonor de Cortinas, was the descendant of Jews who had converted to Christianity. A Brief Biography of Cervantes As a young boy Cervantes moved from town to town as his father sought work; later he would study in Madrid under Juan Là ³pez de Hoyos, a well-known humanist, and in 1570 he went to Rome to study. Ever loyal to Spain, Cervantes joined a Spanish regiment in Naples and received a wound in a battle at Lepanco that permanently injured his left hand. As a result, he picked up the nickname of el manco de Lepanto (the cripple of Lepanco). His battle injury was only the first of Cervantes troubles. He and his brother Rodrigo were on a ship that was captured by pirates in 1575. It wasnt until five years later that Cervantes was released - but only after four unsuccessful escape attempts and after his family and friends raised 500 escudos, an enormous sum of money that would drain the family financially, as ransom. Cervantes first play, Los tratos de Argel (The Treatments of Algiers), was based on his experiences as a captive, as was the later Los baà ±os de Argel (The Baths of Algiers). In 1584 Cervantes married the much younger Catalina de Salazar y Palacios; they had no children, although he had a daughter from an affair with an actress. A few years later, Cervantes left his wife, faced severe financial difficulties, and was jailed at least three times (once as a murder suspect, although there was insufficient evidence to try him). He eventually settled in Madrid in 1606, shortly after the first part of Don Quijote was published. Although publication of the novel didnt make Cervantes rich, it eased his financial burden and gave him recognition and the ability to devote more time to writing. He published the second part of Don Quijote in 1615 and wrote dozens of other plays, short stories, novels, and poems (although many critics have little good to say about his poetry). Cervantes final novel was Los trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda (The Exploits of Persiles and Sigismunda), published three days before his death on April 23, 1616. Coincidentally, Cervantes date of death is the same as William Shakespeares, although in reality Cervantes death came 10 days sooner because Spain and England used different calendars at the time. Quick - name a fictional character from a literary work written about 400 years ago. Since youre reading this page, you probably had little difficulty coming up with Don Quijote, the title character of Miguel de Cervantes famous novel. But how many others could you name? Except for characters developed by William Shakespeare, probably few or none. At least in Western cultures, Cervantes pioneering novel, El ingenioso hidalgo don Quijote de la Mancha, is one of the few that has been popular for so long. It has been translated into nearly every major language, inspired some 40 motion pictures, and added words and phrases to our vocabulary. In the English-speaking world, Quijote is easily the most well-known literary figure who was the product of a non-English-speaking author in the past 500 years. Clearly, Quijotes character has endured, even if few people today read the entire novel except as a part of college coursework. Why? Perhaps it is because there is something in most of us that, like Quijote, cant always distinguish totally between reality and the imagination. Perhaps its because of our idealistic ambitions, and we like seeing someone continuing to strive despite the disappointments of reality. Perhaps its simply because we can laugh at a part of ourselves in the numerous humorous incidents that happen during Quijotes life. A Quick Look at Don Quixote Here is a brief overview of the novel that might give you some idea what to expect if you decide to tackle Cervantes monumental work: Plot Summary The title character, a middle-aged gentleman from the La Mancha region of Spain, becomes enchanted with the idea of chivalry and decides to seek adventure. Eventually, he is accompanied by a sidekick, Sancho Panza. With a dilapidated horse and equipment, together they seek glory, adventure, often in the honor of Dulcinea, Quijotes love. Quijote doesnt always act honorably, however, and neither do many of the other minor characters in the novel. Eventually Quijote is brought down to reality and dies shortly thereafter. Major Characters The title character, Don Quijote, is far from static; indeed, he reinvents himself several times. He often is a victim of his own delusions and undergoes metamorphoses as he gains or loses touch with reality. The sidekick, Sancho Panza, may be the most complex figure in the novel. Not particularly sophisticated, Panza struggles with his attitudes toward Quijote and eventually becomes his most loyal companion despite repeated arguments. Dulcinea is the character that is never seen, for she was born in Quijotes imagination (although modeled after a real person). Novel Structure Quijotes novel, while not the first novel written, nevertheless had little on which it could be modeled. Modern readers may find the episodic novel too long and redundant as well as inconsistent in style. Some of the novels quirks are intentional (in fact, some portions of the latter parts of the book were written in response to public comments on the portion that was published first), while others are products of the times. Reference: Proyecto Cervantes, Miguel de Cervantes 1547-1616, Hispanos Famosos. Quick Takeaways Miguel de Cervantes was one of the most influential writers of all times, writing the first major European novel and contributing to both the Spanish and English languages.Although known best for Don Quijote, Cervantes also wrote dozens of other novels, short stories, poems, and plays.The main characters of Don Quijote are the title character; his sidekick, Sancho Panza; and Dulcinea, who lives in Quijotes imagination.

Lexicology - Definition and Examples

Lexicology s Lexicology is the branch of linguistics that studies the stock of words (the lexicon) in a given language. Adjective: lexicological. Etymology From the Greek lexico- -logy, word study Lexicology and Syntax Lexicology deals not only with simple words in all their aspects but also with complex and compound words, the meaningful units of language. Since these units must be analyzed in respect of both their form and their meaning, lexicology relies on information derived from morphology, the study of the forms of words and their components, and semantics, the study of their meanings. A third field of particular interest in lexicological studies is etymology, the study of the origins of words. However, lexicology must not be confused with lexicography, the writing or compilation of dictionaries, which is a special technique rather than a level of language studies ...The essential difference between syntax and lexicology is that the former deals with the general facts of language and the latter with special aspects. . . . Syntax is general because it deals with rules and regularities that apply to classes of words as a whole, whereas lexicology is particular because it is concerned with the way individual words operate and affect other words in the same context. Although borderline cases do exist in both lexicology and syntax, e.g., in the case of grammatical or function words, the distinction between the two levels is fairly clear.  (Howard Jackson and Etienne Zà © Amvela, Words, Meaning, and Vocabulary: An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology. Continuum, 2007) Content Words and Function Words [T]eachers of English have customarily distinguished between content words, like snow and mountain, and function words, like it and on and of and the ...  Lexicology is the study of content words or lexical items.  (M.A.K. Halliday et al., Lexicology and Corpus Linguistics. Continuum, 2004) Lexicology and Grammar Both grammar and lexicology involve us in an indefinitely large number of superficially different units. In the case of grammar these are phrases, clauses, and sentences; in the case of lexicology the units are words, or more precisely . . . lexical items. It is typical of grammar to make general and abstract statements about the units concerned, showing a common construction despite formal differences. It is typical of lexicology to make specific statements about individual units. In consequence, while the grammar of a language is best handled in chapters devoted to different types of construction, it is normal to deal with the lexicon of a language in an alphabetical dictionary, each entry devoted to a different lexical item.  (Randolph Quirk et al., A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, 2nd ed. Longman, 1985) Lexicology and Phonology [I]t may be thought at first sight that phonology does not interact with lexicology in any significant manner. But a close analysis will reveal that, in many cases, the difference between two otherwise identical lexical items can be reduced to a difference at the level of phonology. Compare for example the pair of words toy and boy, feet and fit, pill and pin. They differ only in one sound unit (the position of which has been [italicized] in each word) and yet the difference has serious consequences at the level of lexicology.  (Etienne Zà © Amvela, Lexicography and Lexicology. Routledge Encyclopedia of Language Teaching and Learning, ed. by Michaà «l Byram. Routledge, 2000) Pronunciation: lek-se-KAH-le-gee

Sentence fluency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Sentence fluency - Essay Example Contextually, it is these aspects that represent the important ideas of sentence fluency (Timothy, â€Å"Guided Fluency Instruction: Moving Students to Independence†). GOAL STATEMENT The fundamental goal of the curriculum will concentrate on critically evaluating knowledge gained by the learners with respect to planning, evaluation and editing of the writings by learners. In this regard, applying brainstorming sessions, group discussion and peer review will be taken into account strategically. The application of this curriculum is likely to enhance the understanding capability of the learners with respect to their ideas related to the usage of detailed information along with application of apt words. It is expected that with the assistance of this curriculum, learners will be able to easily identify and rectify their syntax mistakes, which they used to be ignorant towards in prior instances. This curriculum will also act with the aim to fortify the quality of the sentences fra med by the learners (Timothy, â€Å"Guided Fluency Instruction: Moving Students to Independence†). This curriculum has been specially designed to initiate the need for sentence fluency among the domestic and the international students. This curriculum will assist the learners throughout their developmental course, generating a sense of need and importance for this particular subject, as it has a strong hold with respect to communicative competencies in the international plethora. DISCUSSION In precise, this curriculum will assist the learner to have a better insight about the importance of applying facts and figures within the informational article. It is worth mentioning in this context that there exist a generalized six kinds of writing traits viz., idea and concept, organization, voice, sentence fluency, usage of words and conventions. In consideration with the curriculum, it will enhance the ideas and the conception of the learner with regard to writing a sentence or sent ence fluency. Furthermore, this curriculum will be intended towards assisting the learners in organizing sentences in order to develop their abilities to convey the concerned ideas maintaining consistency in the flow of information. It is in this context that voice frames an important part in the formation of sentences accelerating sentence fluency in turn. The curriculum designed will therefore foster understanding of the learner concerning smooth and harmonized flow of ideas and objectives with respect to the sentences. Moreover, this curriculum will also intend to assist the learners concerning the importance of words choice in maintaining and grooming sentence fluency (Timothy, â€Å"Guided Fluency Instruction: Moving Students to Independence†). Instructional design will also be regarded to hold considerable importance in the success potentials of the curriculum. Instructional design comprises a series of procedures, which aim at assisting in the development of the qualit y aspects and evaluative efficiency of the curriculum being designed. Instructional procedure comprehensively builds up with the requirement of sentence fluency for individual development. Furthermore, the instructional content of this curriculum will entail an objective-oriented approach in its designing. Fluency within the sentences, in this context, imposes a greater impact on the listeners and the readers too. The

Grief Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Grief - Research Proposal Example The process of acquiring is made balanced by the fact that we must loose. All relationships, objects or positions we acquire in life must be taken away or experience a phase that eliminate the effectiveness of the relationship. The loss is painful to the human life and we involuntary develop a process that tends to react to the loss. The reaction may be displayed in numerous forms. Different people display varying reactions to loss based on their idea of mourning and recovery. In an example a person may cry while another may alter their eating habits. However, an explanation to loss and recovery may be explained in a theological perspective to understand the existence this part of human life and spirit. Grief can be defined as a way in which a person may react to loss. Grief is a person’s way to recovery after experiencing loss of something they had a relationship with1. However, the explanation of grief does cannot be exhausted by the understanding of the person relationship with what they lost. This is after the consideration that the magnitude of the loss determines the magnitude of grief one experiences2. Does grief exist in a theological scope or is grief extensively explained just by the reaction of human nature? Does one’s grief relieve them of the pain they experience when they undergo loss? It is involuntary to grief. Human nature is incorporated with characteristics that require them to adjust to their environment in an instance of change3. The adjustment requires any mechanism that would minimize the feeling of pain4. This explains the difference in the way in which different people grieve. A person may heal from crying while another person may not heal from the same mechanism. The process of grieving is also determined by the magnitude of the loss5. Grief is influenced by the level of one’s exposure to pain6. The magnitude of grief one may undergo when they lose their family member is different from one they experience when they

The Nervous System :: Biology, Neurons, Axon

The peripheral nervous system consists of two separately functioning components: the sensory division and the motor division. The sensory division provides appropriate responses from sensory receptors to the central nervous system. Sensory neurons transmit reactive responses from the periphery to the central nervous system while the motor division conducts action potentials from effector organs such as muscles and glands. In contrast, motor neurons transmit action potentials from the central nervous system toward the periphery (Seeley et al., 2005). Neurons and their Electrical Activity The nervous system is composed of millions of nerve cells called neurons. Neurons are the parenchyma of the nervous system which performs every function of the nervous system from simple sensory functions to complex thinking and analysis. Neurons, upon receipt of stimuli, transmit responsive signals to other neurons or to effector organs. Clark (2005) observes that the anatomy of a neuron is composed of four main parts; the cell body, the dendrites, the axon, and the nerve fibers. Given the importance of each of the neuron components, it is important to discuss how each work separately and in tandem to achieve efficient and appropriate responses in the human body. Varying in diameter and containing a single nucleus, the cell body is the primary component of the neuron. The nucleus of the neuron provides information for protein synthesis and contains most of the organelles of the neuron. Seeley et al., (2005) write that the cell body contains large numbers of mitochondria because of its high metabolic function and also abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum’s which referred to as Nissl bodies. The dendrites of a neuron are cytoplasmic extensions that reach out from the cell body like arms and contain a full array of cellular organelles, such as mitochondria, chromatophilic substance, and ribosomes. The most important feature of a dendrite is its electrical activity. Dendrites receive information from other neurons and transmit them toward the cell body, then produce electrical impulses referred to as graded potentials. Graded potentials can have varying degrees of depolarization or hyperpolarization. These graded potentials arise in the dendrites or in the cell body as a result of various stimuli and are important in initiating action potentials in neurons. As the graded potential passes through a cell body, it may initiate an action potential at the base of another cytoplasmic projection which is the axon (Clark, 2005). An axon is a long cell process extending from the neuron cell body.

Does Culture Determine Your Theory of Mind Essay

What has distinguished Homo sapiens from non-human organisms is their ability to develop a theory of mind (Scholl & Leslie, 2001). Premack & Woodruff (1978) originally defined theory of mind as being the tendency to make attributions about behaviour based on acquired knowledge of mental states, such as belief, desire and intention. An equally important aspect of theory of mind concerned the individual’s ability to understand the subjectivity of mental states, comprehending that other individuals have desires and beliefs that differ significantly from one’s own, an understanding that is highly important to human functioning (Baren-Cohen, 1995). This essay questions the influence that culture has on the development of a theory of mind. What was of primary interest in this essay was to investigate the extent to which theory of mind was characterized by universal processes of development and whether underlying cultural factors were responsible for the timing and development of theory of mind. Certain marked cultural differences were suggested as influential variables which could determine the development of a theory of mind, these being parenting styles, number of siblings and executive function which were thought to play a pivotal role in the development of a cultural identity (Lillard, 1998). In the context of cross-cultural comparison, a critical assessment of the false-belief task was conducted. The validity and reliability of the false-belief task was analyzed in relation to the development of theory of mind, and alternative explanations and measurement tools were provided which would allow for a more sensitive and reliable cross-cultural comparison to be made. Described as onto-genetically universal, theory of mind is a construct of human psychology and biology that is universally applicable to every culture (Liu, Wellman, Tardif & Sabbagh, 2008) . A unanimous result from twenty five years of research has reported that a theory of mind is developed in early childhood and exhibited from the age of five or six years old as result of progressive stages of development (Lillard, 1998). Many researchers (e. g Liu et al. , 2008; Wellman, Cross & Watson, 2001) have observed parallel developmental trajectories between western and non-western cultures in relation to the age at which a child acquires a theory of mind. Callghan, Rochat, Lillard, Claux, Odden & Itakura (2005) observed the cross-cultural development of theory of mind in samples of 12-31 children and declared there to be a ‘critical period’ of development between the ages of three and five years old when children begun to conceptualize and understand the difference between belief and reality. From a remote bush community in western Africa, to a mountain village in Peru, researchers (e. g. Avis & Harris, 1991) have observed the universal development of a theory of mind. The communicative purposes of theory of mind are invaluable to the survival and higher functioning of human kind. Cross-culturally, theory of mind is relevant in order to teach, deceive, inform and share planned actions (Baren-Cohen,1999). However, although this cognitive development is fundamental and pivotal to human functioning, research in this field of investigation has challenged the universality and applicability of theory of mind postulating that cross-cultural variations were responsible for determining and influencing the timing and stages at which theory of mind developed. Many prominent research studies have been published in the literature, arguing for the influence of culture on the development of a theory of mind (Wellman et al. , 2001). Astington (2001) has argued that although cross-cultural variation does not reflect a child’s ability to acquire a theory of mind, there may perhaps be sociocultural variances in early childhood experience that could potentially influence how and when a child achieves theory of mind. Similarly, studies have observed a discrepancy in the timing of development across certain industrialized cultures, an example being Canada and the United Kingdom (Wellman et al. 2001), and Japan and North Korea (Oh & Lewis, 2008). A meta-analysis of cross-cultural performance on false-belief tasks was conducted by Liu et al. , (2008) which investigated whether culture contributed to the development of theory of mind. A meta-analysis was conducted on 200 conditions (16-24 children per condition) of children from mainland china and Hong-Kong in order to assess whether the difference in cultural beliefs and values between these two culturally diverse samples had a significant impact on the timing of development. Increasingly more westernized and individualistic, Hong-Kong was predicted to mirror the North American trajectory of development in that children would be more likely to perform above chance on the false-belief task. Liu et al. , (2008) observed that Chinese children were more likely to under-perform on false-belief tasks in relation to their Japanese counterparts and that this resulted in a difference of up to 2 years in timing of false-belief acquisition. However, like many comparison studies, the results of this study were potentially confounded due to relatively small sample size. A condition of 16-24 participants did not allow for methodological error or research bias. Contradictory evidence and potential methodological errors in relation to cross-cultural comparisons has resulted in a thorough examination of the measurement tools used to study theory of mind. A seemingly reliable and valid measurement tool, the false-belief task has to some extent dominated the theory of mind model over the course of twenty five years (Dennet, 1978 as cited by Wellman et al. 2001). Astington (2001) reported that there exists â€Å"a danger in letting a single task become a marker for complex development†, as reliance on a single measurement construct can record potentially confounding results, leading to improbable and invalid conclusions. The ‘chocolate and cupboard’ false-belief task was developed by Wimmer & Perner, (1983) in order to assess whether a child had the ability to understand that their mental representations of the world differed from reali ty. Many researchers have found methodological flaws in the false-belief task claiming that it is unnecessarily difficult (Sullivan & Winner, 1993). A cross-cultural study conducted by Wellman et al. , (2001) confirmed that many children failed the false-belief task due to confusion and lack of understanding. A secondary criticism of the false-belief task has been made in relation to the limitations it places on performance in that it does not take into account fundamental components of theory of mind (De Rosnay, Pons, Harris & Morrell, 2004). Therefore, in order for a valid cross-cultural comparison to be made it was necessary to examine other important mental states such as emotion, desire and intention (De Rosnay et al. , 2004). A five step Theory of Mind scale was developed by Wellman & Liu (2004) in order to conduct a cross-cultural comparison of theory of mind. Preschoolers in North America (Wellman & Liu, 2004) , Australia (Peterson & Wellman, 2009) and Germany (Kristen, Thoermar et al. 2006) were found to follow the same ordered sequencing of conceptual developments, these being diverse desires, diverse beliefs, knowledge access, false beliefs, hidden emotions (Shahaeian, Peterson, Slaughter & Wellman, 2011). Although an identical trajectory of development was reported in many western cultures, a study conducted by Wellman et al. , (2004) discovered an interesting cross-cultural difference in relation to Chinese preschoolers who, although following the same steps of development, completed them in a different order with knowledge access being learned before diverse beliefs. Although there does not appear to be a cross-cultural difference in the mastery of theory of mind, the emphasis placed on knowledge access in Chinese preschoolers over diverse beliefs in western preschoolers is consistent with the importance that collectivist societies associate with social harmony over self-expression and individual beliefs. Reliance on one particular measurement tool has resulted in many extravagant and inconclusive claims being made, one such example being that researchers have associated a below chance performance on a false-belief task with an underdeveloped theory of mind (Astington, 2001). However, many researchers have argued that a three year old’s failure on the false-belief task could be indicative of linguistic underdevelopment or confusion rather than an absence of theory of mind. Leslie (2000) conducted qualitative reviews of cross-cultural performance on false-belief tasks in order to assess whether certain aspects of the methodology were inconsistent across cross-cultural testing. Methodology was found to differ in relation to the type of question asked, nature of the protagonist and type of task. Similarly, there was an inconsistency in the phrasing of the questions across many of the studies, with certain children being asked a question in terms of belief (Where does John think his chocolate is? ) or in terms of speech (where does John say his chocolate is? ). Efforts to reduce methodological error and improve performance have been made by many researchers (e. g. Chandler, Fritz & Hala (1989) in order to demonstrate the plasticity and flexibility of theory of mind. Chandler et al. (1989) found that if the experimental design of the false-belief task was manipulated by implying deception and trickery, performance was more likely to increase. A cross cultural comparison reported similar results when young children actively participated in deception. However, although these results may have provisionally provided an explanation for improved performance, it must be noted that above chance performance on this task did not confirm a child’s ability to conceptualize but mere ly emphasized their ability to ‘play along’ . Due to flaws in methodology and reliance on the false-belief task, researchers have failed to provide consistent and valid results in relation to a cross-cultural comparison of theory of mind. In light of these contradictory results and inconclusive explanations, alternative variables have been analyzed in order to expand on the literature pertaining to cross-cultural differences in theory of mind. Vinden (2001) was of the opinion that the development of a theory of mind aptly reflected parental influence in relation to cultural and moral expectations. Children emulated and modified their behaviour according to their parents’ example, therefore for a child to be capable of predicting and understanding another individuals’ mental state positively reflected parent-child intervention in the early years of their childhood. A cross-cultural comparison of theory of mind assessed whether parental attitudes of Korean-American and Anglo-American mothers influenced how their children developed mental states such as desires, beliefs and intentions (Vinden, 2001). Two previous studies conducted by Kim, Kim & Rue (1997) and Farver, Kim & Lee (1995) reported certain cultural differences between Korean-American and Anglo-American individuals. Korean-Americans were reported as valuing interdependency, social harmony and self-control in favour of individual orientation, symbolic play and independence, traits which were synonymous with the individualistic Anglo-american society. Importantly Korean-American parents were seen as obeying an authoritarian structure of parenting in contrast with Anglo-American parents who favoured an authoritative model . In light of the results obtained by the Kim et al. , (1997) study, it was hypothesized by Vinden (2001) that children of authoritative mothers would be more likely to outperform children of authoritarian mothers on the theory of mind tasks. The results reported were surprising, in that five year old children of authoritarian Korean-American mothers outperformed their Anglo-American age mates on theory of mind tasks, however children of authoritarian Anglo-American mothers were found to under-perform on theory of mind tasks. What could be concluded from this study was that performance on theory of mind tasks could in fact be influenced by parenting styles, but what constituted acceptable parenting was subjective to cultural introspection. In other words, a similar endpoint of development was reached across cultures, due to parenting styles that obeyed a cultural value system (Vinden, 2001). Similarly, a cross-cultural comparison of theory of mind has been made in relation to the number of siblings a child may have. A study conducted by Ruffman, Perner, Naito, Parkin & Clements, (1998) reported a remarkable finding that suggested how a child’s theory of mind could be predicted based on the number of older siblings they possessed. According to Brown, Donelan-McCall & Dunn (1996), children with older siblings developed mental representations about the world around them through symbolic play. Many researchers have argued for the importance of symbolic play in establishing a theory of mind (Leslie, 1987) due to the fact that through discussion and pretend play younger children were exposed to false-belief situations enabling them to emulate the behaviour exhibited by older siblings. However, it is important to remain critical when discussing the importance of symbolic play due to the fact that although above-chance performance on theory of mind tasks may be recorded, the extent to which conceptualization and false-belief is properly understood demands further explanation. Reiterating what has been previously stated by Vinden (2001), it was important to acknowledge that, although the same end point of development was reached across cultures, the stages of development differed based on cultural intervention. In recent years, the skills associated with executive function have been proposed to contribute to the development of theory of mind (Moses, 2001). Many researchers interested in cross-cultural comparison have conducted studies in order to ascertain whether the development of executive skills is directly influenced by cultural beliefs and values. Interest in this area of research has come about due to the importance of understanding theory of mind in conjunction with the development of cognitive processes (Moses, 2001). Executive function is an umbrella term used to describe a plethora of cognitive processes such as inhibition, verbal reasoning, problem solving and working memory which contribute to the development of theory of mind. Executive function has been assessed across a diverse range of cultures in order to determine whether development of executive function skills differ across cultures, and whether this difference in development affects the acquisition of a theory of mind.

Can We Think Without Language.. - 1188 Words

CAN WE THINK WITHOUT LANGUAGE Many anthropologists, linguists, psychologists, biologists and other academics have attempted to tackle this question in recent decades. It is sort of chicken or egg conundrum: Did human beings first develop the physical capabilities for language (larger brains, vocal tract, etc) with the actual development of language following it, or had the capabilities for speech already arisen and only with the development of physical production of language itself follow? Obviously, it is difficult for us to think about things without using language in our minds while we reason. Yet if you ve ever had a smart pet and watched them perform a task, you know that they operate on a largely trial-and-error basis.†¦show more content†¦The Hopi language has a single word for all flying objects other than birds. The hypothesis states that hopi speakers think differently about flying objects than do speakers of languages that do not categorize the world in the way. The Hanunoo people of the Phillipine Islands are said to have names for 92 species of rice but all 92 varieties of rice are, for the English speaker, simply rice. A more recent study, however, comparing English children and Himba children from Africa suggests that colour categorises in a given language have a greater influence on colour perception. The English language contains 11 basic colour terms whereas the Himba language has only 5. Himba children made fewer distinctions among coloured titles than did English children. For example, Himba children categorised under the colour term â€Å"zoozu† a variety of dark colours such as dark shades of blue, green, purple red, and the colour black. English children distinguished among these colours and remembered the different hues better when retested on which ones they had seen earlier. Language not only influences how we think but also may influence how well we think in certain domains. For example, English speaking children consistently score lower than children form Asian countries in mathematical skills such as counting, accounting, and subtraction. Asian languages make it easier to learn the base-10 numberShow MoreRelatedLanguage : A Unique Human Gift1309 Words   |  6 Pages Language: A Unique Human Gift Does the mother tongue constrain thought? Many people have been asking this question for hundreds of years. The answer to this question is complicated because there are many factors to take into consideration. Steven Pinker Ph.D, a member of the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences at MIT, and director of the Cognitive Neuroscience Center at MIT says, â€Å"language is a very rich part of the mind, but only one part† (Mishlove 1).When studying this topic, researchersRead MoreDoes The Language Shape The Way We Think?926 Words   |  4 PagesDoes the language shape the way we think? Have you ever had the feeling that speaking another language changes how you think? Could speaking a new language take you to a different perceptual world? Or is language just a set of labels for universal thoughts or ideas? (Shaules, 2015) Many brilliant thinkers have spent their entire lives working on these kinds of topics for over a century. When it comes to linguistic relativity, â€Å"The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis†, first proposed by ‘Edward Sapir and BenjaminRead MoreWhat Comes First Language or Thought?887 Words   |  4 PagesESSAY: WHAT COMES FIRST LANGUAGE OR THOUGHT? The first thing that I was reminded of by this topic is the man and the woman question. We have always been wondering who came first in the world: man or woman? Scientifically it has not been proved yet that who came first. We cannot just come to a conclusion regarding who came first. The same is valid to knowledge and thought. Knowledge and thought are both inter-linked. I will be dealing each concept separately so that we can come to know the relationshipRead MoreIs It Very Much An Open If Not A Controversial Question?1456 Words   |  6 PagesLinguistic determinism states that all human thoughts and actions are bound by the restraints of language( Ask a Linguist FAQ, 2015). In other words Sapir and Whorf argue that language determines how we think, and how we view our world. This version received more criticism than the much lighter version of the same theory known as linguistic relativism. This version explains that our language affects our thought to some degree. Lara Borodit sky , a proponent of the linguistic determinism versionRead MoreThe Linguistic Revolution:The Relation Between Class, Language, and Ideology In 1984968 Words   |  4 Pagesgovernment with the threat of physical harm and, more importantly, through powerful mental conditioning, particularly through the reduction of nuances and shades of meaning within language. Indeed, the manipulation of language plays a vital role in the social stratification of the masses, since without the proper tools of language and thought, the mentality for rebellion is not possible, even if there was enough physical power to do so. According to Louis Althusser, writer of `Ideology and IdeologicalRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article The Bounds Of Cognition 1362 Words   |  6 Pagesimplies that various facets of the environment can be incorporated into the mind when interacted with in certain situations. For example, the usage of a pen and paper to do a long division problem is a classic instance of how an obj ect within one’s environment enhances the mind to do something it could not do in its naked state. The pen and paper act as a cognitive tool, the internal processes of the mind are incorporated into the pen and paper, without which the individual could not complete the longRead MoreThe Language And Multi Modal Communication1196 Words   |  5 PagesWhen we communicate online, we use language features that are closer to spoken language despite the fact we are actually writing. The language features we use can be referred to as multi-modal communication. Multi-modal communication is non face to face communication and has features of both spoken and written language, for example emojis to show emotion and capitals to denote tone. There are opposing attitudes to this type of communication; many think it is damaging intelligence whereas others argueRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Undocumented Immigrants 1279 Words   |  6 PagesLanguage is essential to every interaction and a spect in human’s everyday lives. Imagine a world without language, everyone will be mute and doesn’t have any connection with each other. Being able to communicate through language with each other forms bonds and that’s what make human different from any animal species. And language gives us a unique and diverse characters to each of us. In the article of Undocumented Immigrants, the writer (Forest) talks about how the uses of language is so importantRead MoreInterpersonal Communication Skills And Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency1608 Words   |  7 PagesDescribe basic interpersonal communication skills and cognitive academic language proficiency from your own understanding (1’). †¢ Interpersonal communication skills, for me is the ability to speak to one another in a form that will allow us to exchange ideas, thoughts, information and emotions. If I had to explain this form of communication in one word I would say â€Å" Chat† this is because in a chat you are to swap and discuss a topic that is either important to you or the listener, or about somethingRead MoreConsciousness Language in George Orwells 19841355 Words   |  6 PagesNewspeak is the official language of Oceania. It is the depletion of words. The Party wanted to make it impossible to commit thoughtcrimes by literally erasing all of the negative words that one would use. Oldspeak is what Winston and the proles spoke in. By 1984, most people had abandoned Oldspeak. The Party did not bother teaching the proles the new language because they didn’t care about them. The proles have a conscience but they are not conscience of their consciousness. Winston could